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Is Weight a contributing Risk Factor for Breast Cancer
Title:Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk
Author:Z. Huang et al.
Address:Harvard, Massachusetts
Source:The Journal of the American Medical Association 17: 1407-1411 (November) 1997
Summary:This study attempts to examine body mass index (BMI) at the age of 18 years and at mid life and associate the adult weight change in relation to breast cancer incidence and mortality. The incidence of breast cancer measured from 1,203,498 person- years were documented as 2517 cases (60%post menopausal). A higher current BMI was associated with lower breast cancer risk before menopause and was weakly associated with breast cancer incidence after menopause. A strong relationship was discovered between postmenopausal women who had hever used hormone replacement and BMI, (relative risk=1.59 for BMI>31 kg/m2 vs less than 20kg/m2; 95%confidence interval, 1.09-2.32;P for trend .001). A higher BMI at age 18 was associated with lower risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. After age 18, weight gain appeared to be a risk in postmenopausal women but not for premenopausal breast cancer incidence. And this increased postmenopausal risk of weight gain was limited to women who had never used hormone replacement. In this population,women who had gained more than 20kg had a risk of 1.99 (95%confidence interval,1.43-2.76) compared with those who¹s weight remained unchanged. A strong association between current BMI and adult weight gain were found with fatal postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. Approximately 16% of postmenopausal breast cancer was accounted for by weight gain alone and 5%by hormone replacement therapy alone. The combination of weight gain and hormone replacement therapy accounted for about 1/3 of the postmenopausal breast cancers. The authors feel that weight gain is a modifiable risk for breast cancer prevention efforts. Avoiding adult weight gain may contribute to the prevention of breast cancer after menopause. This may be even more pertinent to women who do not use hormone replacement therapy.
Comment:The authors are to be commended on their impressive study size and data collection . In spite of these efforts, the correlation of weight and breast cancer still remains elusive.
Endometriosis Linked To Breast, Ovarian, Hematopoietic
Cancers
Title: Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis
Authors: LA Brinton et al.
Address: Bethesda, Maryland, Hanover, New Hampshire, Uppsala and
Huddinge, Sweden
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 176:572-579,
1997 (April)
Synopsis: This study examined the identified an increased risk of
breast (1.3%), ovarian (1.9%) and hematopoietic cancers(1.4%) in women who
had a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. The study cohort was
provided by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. It reviewed
21,398 cases of a discharge diagnosis of endometriosis form 1969 to 1983.
the mean follow up period was 11.4 years with a range of 1-21 years. The
average age of diagnosis with endometriosis was 38.2 and the average age
of cancer diagnosis was 52.3. Of the 21,398 patients included in the study,
738 total malignancies were noted resulting in an overall incidence ratio
of 1.2%.
Comment: This article is included to inform, not scare. The findings
are certainly theoretically consistent with what is known about endometriosis.
If one considers that women with hormonal alterations are more likely to
have endometriosis, the association is even more credible. A clear distinction
needs to be made between cause and effect. Endometriosis does not cause
cancer, but may be associated with alterations that favors cancer development.
It is unclear whether treatment of endometriosis alters risk. It would also
be of interest to know type stage of endometriosis. The finding of the increased
risk of hematopoietic cancers surprised the authors. They suggest that both
hormonal and immunologic alterations should be pursued further as explanations
for the excess risks. The findings should not change the present clinical
practices, but both eyes should remain open.